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Home » Literature » November 02

Featured Article

Active Multipliers & Dividers to Simplify Synthesizers

November, 2002 – Microwave Journal[1]

Modern frequency synthesis uses a combination of frequency multiplication and frequency division to generate the required data and carrier signals for microwave radio and radar applications. Frequency multiplication increases the carrier frequency while increasing the phase noise of the carrier by 20log(N), where N is the multiplication factor. Conversely, frequency division decreases the carrier frequency and changes the phase noise of the carrier by 20log(1/M), where M is the division ratio. For the most part, frequency dividers are used in a phase-locked loop (PLL) to divide the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) output frequency down to the reference frequency in order to achieve phase/frequency locking. These devices are traditionally digital circuits and for high divide ratios (greater than 16) operate at input frequencies less than -2 GHz.

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^[1] Reprinted with the permission of Microwave Journal